Mouse Metabolic Rates free essay sample

An experimental research of mouse metabolic rates at varying temperatures. This paper presents a look at a specific thermoregulation question. It discusses the varying metabolic rates of a mouse at four different temperatures and indicates why one rate may be slower than the others. The describes the experiment conducted to display evidence and explanations. We have all heard about metabolic rates and how they assist in our body temperature among other things. Our thermoregulation occurs to keep our bodies at an operating temperature. If the temperature outside the body changes then our inside thermo regulator adjusts as well to maintain a temperature that can function. In one experiment a mouse was placed in varying temperatures and the metabolic rates were recorded during each difference. It was discovered at temperatures of 38-30, and 10 it has a metabolic rate increase, while at 20 it did not. This was a curious finding until we researched the workings of thermoregulation and endotherms to discover the answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Mouse Metabolic Rates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Marketing Research and Perceptual Maps

Marketing Research and Perceptual Maps Abstract This report entails an illustration of the concept of marketing research and perceptual mapping. The report is organized into a number of sections. In the first section, the report introduces the purpose of the study. The background section gives the definition of perceptual maps together with their benefits to organisations. The report focuses on a number of attributes associated with wrist watches. These include price and style.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Research and Perceptual Maps specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to develop a comprehensive understanding on the consumer’s variation in their perception, the report focuses on various brands of wrist watches. These include Rado, Guess, Swatch, Omega, Rolex, Puma, DKNY, Armani, and Sieko. To gain a real market opinion regarding the consumer’s perception regarding these brands, the report has taken into consideration a m arket survey on 64 respondents. Primary method of data collection was used in conducting the survey. To ensure ease in the process of data collection, the report has illustrated the tool of data collection used. This entailed use of freeonlinesurveys.com. The data analysis section outlines how the data collected was analyzed and presented. Finally, the report gives a conclusion and a number of recommendations. Introduction To develop a comprehensive understanding on how the consumers perceive the various brands of wrist watches, I undertook a marketing research that focused on various brands of wrist watches. The study also integrated the concept of perceptual mapping so as to understand the consumer’s perception regarding the various brands of wrist watches. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the consumers’ perception regarding various brands wrist watches. This is attained by considering a number of attributes associated with the wrist watches. Background to the study Perceptual maps are important tools in firms’ effort to develop effective marketing strategies. Developing perceptual maps entail charting the various attributes that consumers associate particular brands with (Lamb, Hair McDaniel, 2011, p. 280). Perceptual maps enable firms management teams to understand the most important attributes that consumers consider in their decision making process. Perceptual maps are also beneficial in that they enable a firm’s management team to understand the position of its brand on the consumers’ minds. This means that firms’ management teams gain knowledge regarding the competitive strength of their brands and who their core competitors are. Additionally, perceptual maps also enable firms to identify opportunities which they can exploit to increase their competitiveness.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re Data collection In the process of collecting the data two surveys were conducted. The 1st survey was aiamed at generating a general overview of the entire market regarding the various attributes. A total of 64 respondents were interviewed. Of these respondents, 59.4% of them were male while 40.3% were female. The 2nd survey was aimed at developing an understanding of the consumers’ perception regarding the 9 brands selected with regard to price and style. The group selected these two attributes because most of the respondents focused on them. A total of 67 respondents were interviewed where 59.7% of them were male and 40.3% female. The opinions of the respondents in the 2nd survey were used to develop the perceptual map. Figure 1: Respondents for the 1st survey. Figure 2: Respondents for the 2nd survey To aid in the process of data collection, an open-ended questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was composed of three questions. The first question requeste d the customers to outline their gender while the second question required the respondents to rank the attributes of the wrist watches based on the level of importance attached when they first purchased their wrist watch. A number of attributes associated with wrist watches were considered.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Research and Perceptual Maps specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These included the brands price, style, and material used to make it, country of manufacture, length of warranty and whether it has a second hand or digit. On the other hand, the third question requested the customers to list the various brands of wrist watches that they are familiar with. These questionnaires were also used to collect data on the 9 brands on the basis of the two attributes (price and style). Data analysis The data collected from the field was analyzed in so as to ensure ease of interpretation. This was achiev ed by using a number of data analysis techniques. Through data analysis, it was possible to illustrate the perception of the various brands of wrist watch in the consumers’ minds. The study evaluated 9 of the most mentioned brands of wrist watches. Considering the fact that the data collected was qualitative in nature, quantitative method of data analysis was integrated. This entailed representing the respondents’ opinion on the 9 brands with regard to price and style on bar graphs. Integration of quantitative method of data analysis resulted into ease of interpretation of the research findings. The graph below illustrate the respondents’ opinion regarding the price, style, material used to make the product, country of manufacture, length of warranty and whether it has a second hand or digit. The attributes are ranked on a scale of 5 points. Figure 3:Â  Chart showing the respondents opinion regarding the brands attributes The responses of 67online respondents in the 2nd survey were considered in developing the perceptual map. From the data collection process, a list of various brands of wrist watches was developed. However, to illustrate the concept of perceptual mapping, we focused at only two attributes which included price and style. As a result, the developed a list of the most mentioned brands of wrist watches on the basis of price and style.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main brands selected included Rado, Guess, Swatch, Omega, Rolex, Puma, DKNY, Armani and Seiko. In addition, a five point scale was developed to rank the selected brands on the basis of the two attributes. With regard to price, a scale of 5 points was developed where 1 represented affordable price while 5 represented excessive price. Similarly, a scale of 5 points was used to measure the brands style where 1 represented sport brand while 5 represented a luxury brand. The average of the respondents’ opinion regarding each brand on the basis of the two attributes was calculated and is illustrated in the attachment labeled ‘Research For Marketing Research and Perceptual Maps’. The averages were then ranked on a 5 point scale and then used to develop the perceptual map. The price attribute was plotted on the vertical axis and style on the horizontal axis. The figure below illustrates the resulting perceptual map. Figure 4:Â  Perceptual map of various brands of w rist watch The perceptual map above illustrates the position of the 9 brands of wrist watches on the basis of price and style. From the perceptual map above, Rolex, Rado and Guess brands are positioned highest in the quadrant. This means that they are perceived as the most luxurious and highly priced wrist watch. Therefore, their competitiveness within the wrist watch market is relatively high. Omega is considered to be relatively luxurious and affordable as indicated by its position in the perceptual map. On the other hand, Puma and Swatch brands are considered to be the most affordable and sporty while Armani and Sieko are relatively sporty and affordable. Conclusion and recommendations The above market research has revealed that consumers have different perceptions regarding brands of wrist watches. The perception formed regarding a particular product influences the consumers in their decision making process. From the analysis, one can conclude that consumers are likely to select their preferred wrist watch on the basis of their social status and lifestyle. For example, consumers who have a high social status and lifestyle are likely to select Rolex, Rado and Guess brands. In order for firms to position their products and services more effectively in the market, it is paramount that they incorporate the concept of perceptual mapping. This will enhance their effectiveness with which they implement product develop and improvement processes. Additionally, the firms should also incorporate the concept of perceptual mapping in the process of developing their marketing strategies such as advertising. This arises from the fact that the firm will be able to identify the consumer’s perception regarding its products. The resultant effect is that the firm will enhance its competitiveness in the market. Reference Lamb, C., Hair, J., McDaniel, C. (2011). Essentials of marketing. Mason, Ohio: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Punishment and Welfare in the Youth Justice System Essay

Punishment and Welfare in the Youth Justice System - Essay Example Historically, the debate over whether good practice in youth justice should reflect the punishment or welfare model has exercised policy-makers for over a century. From the 1960’s to the 1980’s, policy trends evolved toward the welfare model of punishment in which punishments are excluded, or are to be carefully adapted to the special needs of young people. In the 1980’s added attention was focused on juvenile offenders with policy makers instituting a stricter punishment-orientated juvenile justice system, for example, the Crime and Disorder Act of 1998, which established the Youth Justice Board and reduced the age of prosecution to 10 years.1 Youth justice procedures in the 21st century are mixed, not clearly reflecting either the punishment or welfare model of corrections. The use of the reprimands and warnings system attempts to travel both tracks, being tough on adolescent crime while believing that young offenders can, more than adults, be influenced positi vely with guidance during the warning phase of punishment. It also involves police and parents in the discipline of youths. Both public and governmental opinion suggests the debate of the effectiveness of punishment or welfare has not been resolved. While the retributive nature of the past has paled away and the adult-involved, rehabilitative approach has become predominant in juvenile justice, many call for increased punishment methods intertwined with the system of reprimands and warnings. A majority of parents want corporal punishment to be reintroduced in schools to tackle what they perceive is an increasing problem of classroom disorder.

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Technology - Essay Example Nevertheless, at the time most people used the commercial phones such as telephones to communicate especially in businesses and other related matters. Such kind of communication was extremely expensive and only a small percentage of businesses could afford. Consequently, those who were able to purchase or own these kinds of phones used them with extreme caution and for very important reasons. Conversely, private entities such as homes used the phones for communication although this was only present to those who could afford such kind of luxury at the time (Miller & Horst, 2006). Eventually, mobile phones were discovered by an inventor known as Martin Cooper in 1973 while he worked as a senior development engineer in the mobile equipment group. According to Cooper, the invention of a portable phone was driven by the necessity he saw from people to communicate in a more private manner as compared to the then phone communication where privacy was not upheld. Furthermore, Cooper argued that apart from the privacy issue, people needed phones that they would use anytime and anywhere without necessarily having to be connected to immobile places such as office desks, homes or even persons who traded with phones for communication (Miller & Horst, 2006). In this regard, Ling (2004) articulates that the use of mobile phones is highest across the world. According to a recent research, there are approximately six billion mobile subscribers out of the seven billion people population across the world. Moreover, more people continue to embrace the information and communication technology by becoming mobile subscribers. For instance, Asia is argued to be a region with the highest number of mobile subscribers across the globe. Therefore, importances of mobile phones are numerous and continue to increase by the day. Firstly, mobile phones are being used in modern society to keep in touchà © with

Telecommunication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Telecommunication - Essay Example Today communication is carried out over long distances using pictures and audio, which compromises of music and voice. The sound at present, transfers throughout the world through electricity. Electricity is, therefore, an important part of communication. Radios and television produce the output of various visual and audio signals. They act as the final point where the data that has been transferred from the stations offering audio and video. The audio and video are transmitted through equipment that helps in converting to electrical signals, which are then transferred over long distances (Noll, 1995). Signals are an important part of communication. They are classified according to the frequencies they have. The various signals are used in radios and television where audio and video are transmitted over different frequencies. UHF and VHF are the frequency bands related to television. The transmitter sends the audio and video through the communication channel. Signal carry visual and audio through transmission channels to the point of final output. The radios and television receiver the signals from the receiver and a person can tune to get the audio or videos. Spectra helps to differentiate between the various waves and the frequencies of the waves. Different electromagnetic waves characterize the signals transmitted over a communication channel. They are used in delineating the various media and communication channels and signals. Bandwidth is usually allocated to communication channels depending on the different frequencies in the signal. Electricity plays an important part in communication since in the modern world signals transmitted with the help of electricity. Power circuits are affected by inductance and capacities, which helps in filtering the various signals. Inductance and capacitance play a greater role in differentiating the signals into the different frequencies and thereby enabling the transmitted message to reach the intended point. The

Effect of Community Care on Needs of Service Users

Effect of Community Care on Needs of Service Users Community Care Introduction Foster and Roberts (1998, p. i) indicate that there are deficiencies in †¦ the ‘triangular’ relationship between user, carer an community†. They point out that there is a â€Å"†¦common tendency to establish a two-way relationship, and disregard the perspective of the third party †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which â€Å"†¦obstructs the healthy functioning of the care system† (Foster and Roberts, 1998, p.i). Booker and Repper (1998, p. 4) expound upon the preceding in adding that â€Å"†¦ community living is particularly difficult for people who have serious mental illness, many of whom experience frequent re-admissions in times of crisis and survive inadequately: in poverty and isolation, without work, with poor social supports and networks, and at risk of victimisation, exploitation, homelessness and imprisonment†. They add that â€Å"Indeed the community tenure of this population is often dependent upon the support of informal carers who ine vitably have problems and needs themselves† Booker and Repper, 1998, p. 4). The foregoing points to valid issues brought out regarding the community care system that indicate need further examination, and which represents the focus of this examination. Such asks the question, ‘to what extent is current community care policy and practice responsive to the needs and concerns of service users and carers? The preceding represents an expansive discussion. In order to formulate a balanced assessment of these aspects, this examination shall seek to break down the context into the three frameworks as indicated by Foster and Roberts (1998, p. i), and examine key policy frameworks, and practice developments representing the four specific areas of disability, health, mental health and older people in community care. In said examination, this study shall consider the extent to which policy and practice has been shaped by factors other than the needs and concerns of service users and carers. In a study conducted by the Hull Community Care Development Project over a three year period, it found that â€Å"†¦ care and support issues have been largely neglected in area-based work† (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2004). The following shall seek to reach a determination if that assessment is true in terms of the four areas identified, disability, health, mental health and older people. Community Care represents the help as well as support that is provided to individuals that aids them in being able to live either in their own homes, or in a home type setting in their community (careline.org.uk, 2007). The foregoing assistance can consist of representing help for the individual that needs the aid to live in the community as well as help and or assistance for the carer. The government’s policy on community care sets forth six key objectives (careline.org.uk, 2007). The first represents the providing of â€Å"†¦ home care, day and respite services †¦Ã¢â‚¬  that enables individuals, wherever feasible as well as possible, to live in their own homes (careline.org.uk, 2007). Secondly, it entails the making of a proper assessment concerning â€Å"†¦ need and good care management †¦Ã¢â‚¬  which represents â€Å"†¦ cornerstone of high quality care† (careline.org.uk, 2007). The third area represents the promoting and â€Å"†¦ t he development of a flourishing independent sector alongside good quality services† (careline.org.uk, 2007). The fourth element consists of the clarification of responsibilities to thus make it easier to hold the various agencies accountable for their performance (careline.org.uk, 2007). The fifth aspect represents, â€Å"†¦ to secure better value †¦Ã¢â‚¬  for expenditures as a result of the introduction of â€Å"†¦ new funding structures for social care† (careline.org.uk, 2007). With the last area, sixth, representing the providing of â€Å"†¦ additional help for carers †¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well as offering a choice for patients and the general public (careline.org.uk, 2007). Community Care services are available to support older people, individual with physical disabilities, learning disabilities, mental health problems and chronic illness (careline.org.uk, 2007). The services that are available, which can differ slightly in some areas, basically consist of 1). Home care, that includes assistance with washing and dressing, 2) meals on wheels and frozen meals, 3) equipment as well as various adaptations to make living at home an easier prospect, 4) Day care centers that contain helpful activities, 5) respite services, 6) supported housing for individuals that with mental health and or disabilities. 7) intermediate care, 8) practical as well as financial assistance, 9) community nursing, 10) incontinence as well as NHS supplied nursing equipment (careline.org.uk, 2007). Community Care Policy The National Health Service and Community Care Act of 1990, that was phased into operation over a three year period, established a system whereby the needs of individuals were assessed entailing an agreed upon care plan, assigned worker and regular progress reviews (BBC News, 1998). Part of the procedural aspects of the foregoing was identifying those individuals whom might represent a significant risk, either to themselves and or others (BBC News, 1998). Those so identified where placed onto a ‘Supervision Register’ to prevent them from ‘slipping through the net’, which of course did not, and has not proven full proof (BBC News, 1998). The purpose of the National Health Service and Community Care Act of 1990 was to â€Å"†¦ split health and social care provision between purchasers and providers to create an internal market† (Leathard, A., 2003, p. 16). This approach represented a means â€Å"To curb costs, purchasers were required to assess nee ds, while providers were intended to compete against each other to secure contracts from the purchasers† (Leathard, A., 2003, p. 16). The foregoing represented efficiency from the standpoint of governmental administration, however, it shortchanged the ends users, and the patients, in that it immersed them into a bidding supply system that did not place their needs and concerns upper most in the hierarchy. Leathard (2003, p. 16) states that the preceding â€Å"The split between purchasers and providers, as well as the competition between the providers themselves, led to fragmentation of services but a collaborative momentum began to build up between the purchasers†. Important in the foregoing, is the understanding that the methodology provided the District Authorities with the power to purchase hospital care, and the family health service authorities had the responsibility â€Å"†¦for services provided by GPs, pharmacists, dentists and opticians, while local authorities covered the purchasing of all social services in the community† (Leathard, A., 2003, p. 18). The Secretary of the Central Association for Mental Welfare, Evelyn Fox, in 1930 stated the pure view of community care was one that has seemingly gotten lost in the translation to practice, (Fox, 1930, p. 71): â€Å"Community Care should vary from the giving of purely friendly advice and help to the various forms of state guardianship with compulsory power . . . It should include the power of affording every kind of assistance to the defective boarding out, maintenance grants, the provision of tools, travelling expenses to and from work, of temporary care, change of air in a word, all those things which will enable a defective to remain safely in his family . . . If the state has undertaken the duty and responsibility of active interference in the life of an individual by supervision, compulsory attention and so forth, it must undertake the corresponding duty of making his life as happy as possible. The effective control of a defective at home does inevitably mean a restriction in his complete freedom to go in and out as he pleases, to make what friends he chooses, to select what type of employment he likes out of those that are open to him. To impose these limitations without at the same time giving compensating interests is to court disaster†. Her statement, which has validity today, saw the family at the centre of community care. In fact, her view was that families should be co-opted to supply effective control (Fox, 1930, p. 73). The policy statements thus far put into action have tended to favour the carers more than the service users, which is shown by the following. The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 is based upon the â€Å"†¦ triumvirate of autonomy, empowerment and choice (Levick, 1992, pp. 76-81). Smart, 2002, p. 102) as well as Biggs and Powell (2000, pp. 41-49) both state that the ‘Act’ has a major weaknesses in that it fails to account for any critical analysis concerning the role as well as daily practices of care managers. Clements (2000) provides a critical observation in stating that community care law bears the indelible stamp of its poor origins and that the present shape still resembles Beveridges vision of the welfare state. Care in the Community was a policy of the Margaret Thatcher government in the 1990’s whereby she questioned the existence of society and sought via the NHS as well as the Community Care Act 1990 to extend the privatisation agenda into health and community care through the creation of NHS trusts, the greater use of independent residential and nursing homes, and the general promotion of the mixed economy of care (reference.com, 2007). The preceding represented the second shift in the community care / health care approach. The third shift occurred under Section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 which casts the definition of a public authority as â€Å"to embrace any person some of whose functions are of a public nature† (Bacigalupo et al, 2002, p. 249). The preceding continues â€Å"The expansive nature of this concept was explained by the Lord Chancellor who stated that the key question is whether the body in question has functions of a public nature †¦ If it has any functions of a public nature, it qualifies as a public autho rity† (Bacigalupo et al, 2002, p. 249). The foregoing means that â€Å"†¦ private community care providers as represented by residential care home owners, and or voluntary sector service providers such as Age Concern, MIND or housing associations are public authorities in relation to anyone for whom they provide publicly funded care† (Bacigalupo et al, 2002, p. 249). They continue that â€Å"Such providers now shoulder public responsibilities for their vulnerable clients and are accountable in public law for their actions† (Bacigalupo et al, 2002, p. 249). The Department of Health has accordingly emphasised the need for English social services departments to ensure that contractors and independent providers are made aware of their new duties† (Bacigalupo et al, 2002, p. 249). Under Article number 2 of the Act, which relates to policy for the Community Care Act 1990, it requires that the government and local authorities take reasonable measures to protect life (Bacigalupo et al, 2002, p. 249). Studi es conducted by the Times (1994) found that relocating institutionalised elderly people to a new residence may have a dramatic effect on their mental health and life. A study by the Journal of American Geriatric Society (1994) indicated that mortality rates run as high as 35% in such instances. Service Users and Carer Perspectives Both aspects point out the fact that the system was not geared to the well being of the users. Further evidence of the foregoing was also expressed by Hardy et al (1999, pp. 483-491) who pointed out that the changes as brought forth in policy by the 1989 white paper ‘Caring for People’ as well as the 1990 NHS and Community Care Act were to increase choices for users as well as carers. The preceding changes were as a result of the fact that service users had been subordinate to professional service providers (Hardy et al, 1999, pp. 483-491). In addition, their had also been an inherent bias of funding that was geared for residential and nursing care and that such had deprived service users of the choice of being cared for in their own homes (Hardy et al, 1999, pp. 483-491). This was expressed by Leathard (2003, p. 16) who stated, â€Å"The split between purchasers and providers, as well as the competition between the providers themselves, led to fragmentation of services but a collaborative momentum began to build up between the purchasers†. The preceding was a result of the efficiency the Act brought to community care which did not address the needs, wishes and concerns of the users as it put them into a bidding system that saved money, but resulted in poorer care. The foregoing included all four areas, disability patients, health patients, as well as mental health, and elderly patients who were caught in policy and practice developments. The Kings Fund Rehabilitation Programme (Hanford et al, 1999) addresses the foregoing deficiencies through policy initiatives based upon three themes, 1) working in partnership, 2) joint planning, and 3) commissioning. The preceding has been further developed through the King’s Fund updated statements on health and social care, in community based settings (King’s Fund, 2003). The combined initiatives have been devised to loosen governmental control and provide more accountability to patients and the local community (King’s Fund, 2003). Such a shift in policy will also affect hospitals as well as other what is termed as frontline providers to thus be more responsive to local needs and potentially improved performance (King’s Fund, 2003). The King’s Fund (1999) pointed out that the primary responsibility for the improvement in health programmes, specifically with regard to community care, lies with the health authorities, The King’s Fund (1999) also pointed out the however it is the local authorities that are expected to work out the objectives in improving the health and well being of their local communities. The initiatives put forth by the King’s Fund (1999) (2003) have been designed and crafted to achieve these lends through streamlining of the policy and operational facets. An important aspect of the 1999 King’s Fund initiative entailed calling for improved preventive services that called upon local authorities to aid users to take on as many tasks as they could for themselves for as long as they could, along with living in their own homes for as long as possible. The preceding was borne out of fiscal realities, in order to better conserve funds. However, in light of the findings of studies conducted by the London Times (1994) as well as the Journal of American Geriatric Society (1994) that found that elderly patients that were institutionalized had morality rates that ran as high as 35% in many instances, means that this approach had definitive merits beyond the saving of funds. The foregoing approach was based upon older policy documents by the government that reinforced the methodology of fostering greater independence. Such was put forth by the Department of Health that stated the promotion of independence would â€Å"†¦ have a positive effect on informal or unpaid carers †¦ (King’s Fund, 1999). The King’s Fund (1999) also pointed out under ‘Best Value Initiatives’ â€Å"†¦ local authorities should reduce delays in providing housing adaptations as part of the general move towards increased accountability to local people†. The above recognizes the need as well as better care that users would and do receive from home based care that Evelyn Fox brought forth back in 1930. Her statement â€Å"If the state has undertaken the duty and responsibility of active interference in the life of an individual by supervision, compulsory attention and so forth, it must undertake the corresponding duty of making his life as happy as possible† (Fox, 1930, p. 71). The initiatives of the King’s Fund helped to remove the stigma as indicated by Clements (2000), that community care law bears the indelible stamp of its poor origins and that the present shape still resembles Beveridge’s vision of the welfare state. The initiative also addressed the observations of Smart, 2002, p. 102) as well as Biggs and Powell (2000, pp. 41-49) who both stated that the ‘Act’ had a major weaknesses in that it failed to account for any critical analysis concerning the role as well as daily practices of care ma nagers. Through promoting more in home care for as long as possible, signaled a change in direction. Policy changes as brought forth in 1997 resulted in the United Kingdom government issuing in June of each year a policy document informing the Health Authorities of their purchasing intentions for the following year (NHS Executive, 1996). Resulting there from were three sets of objectives: long-term objectives and policies; medium-term priorities and objectives for the 1997/98 year; and baseline requirements and objectives for 1997/98 year (NHS Executive, 1996). In the longer term, performance will be assessed under three headings: equity, efficiency, and responsiveness (NHS Executive, 1996, pp. 11-21). Under the 1997 New Labour reforms, Health Authorities are to be responsible for drawing up three-year Health Improvement Programmes, which are to be the framework within which all purchasers and providers operate (NHS Executive, 1996, pp. 11-21). Under Section 17 of the Health Act 1999 it accords wide powers to the Secretary of State to give directions to Health Authorities, Primary C are Trusts, and NHS Trusts. Prior to the 1997 New Labour proposals, monitoring efforts in the UK’s internal market concentrated on a small set of dimensions of output: annual growth in activity, waiting times, and targets for improvements in the health of certain groups of the population (Propper, 1995, pp. 1685). The foregoing is why the Health Authorities had focused on performance being monitored, but not the needs, desires and wishes of patients and carers. Changes in Direction The preceding facets were thus corrected under the indicated 1997 New Labour proposals promise to broaden performance measures to â€Å"things that count for patients, including the costs and results of treatment and care† (Department of Health, 2007). This represented the backbone of the indicated King’s Fund (2003) initiatives that have resulted in better patient and carer involvement. The Human Rights Act has had implications both for service users as well as carers in terms of re-focusing upon rights afforded them. It provides for them to have the right to life, the right to be free from inhuman and or degrading treatment, as well as the right to respect for private and family life (Carers UK, 2005). These aspects might seem as being basic rights that carers should have had all along. However, governmental surveys have shown that all too often the rights of carers are ignored and need to be balanced against the people they care for (Carers UK, 2005). The United Kingdom’s National Strategy for Carers (Carers.UK, 2005) revealed, â€Å"carers’ rights are not adequately considered†. The preceding represents that under the Human Rights Act the rights of patients is balanced against the rights of the carer to mean that their views are considered by social services in the rendering of decisions. In addition, the research uncovered that all too frequently â€Å"carers’ rights are not real† (Carers.UK, 2005). The foregoing refers to assessments of carers regarding either their opinions and or rights as well as those expressed on behalf of their patients. Research conducted uncovered that carers’ all to frequently feel that their views and opinions are not considered in assessments and or decisions (Carers.UK, 2005). The third aspect of this facet represents the fact that carers’ as well as patients feel that â€Å"resources are inadequate to allow rights to be protected† (Carers.UK, 2005). The foregoing refers to the services needed are in all too many instances not available as a result of resources that are inadequate in terms of the cost and or staff time (Carers.UK, 2005). The last aspects refer to â€Å"good practice need not be expensive† (Carers.UK, 2005). The research conducted indicated that there are instances whereby imaginative good practice helped to safeguard the human rights of carers. One such example that was provided referred to the utilization of a 24-hour hotline that enabled carers as well as patients to arrange for support in cases of emergency thus referring to the ‘right to life’ aspect of human rights (Carers.UK, 2005). However, unfortunately, there are too few such examples. Conclusion The King’s Fund has been most progressive in being circumspect as well as balanced in their review and analysis of legislation, policy, procedures and rights as contained in documentation and as provided by carers and patients. Steps to shore up the human rights of carers as well as patients have been implemented under the Carers Recognition and Services Act 1995 (opsi.gov.uk, 1995) that calls for a separate assessment of carers at the same time one is carried out for patients. The vagueness is being addressed to clear up ambiguities in terms of words and phrases such as ‘substantial care’ services are a result of assessment, autonomy, health and safety, management of daily care routine and involvement (opsi, 2000). The preceding represents four key criteria under the Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000 (opsi, 2000). It corrects the loopholes found under the Carers Recognition and Services Act 1995 in that anyone over the age of 16 years of age who are or intend to provide substantial care that will be on a regular basis for another individual over the age of 18 years of age is entitled to an assessment (opsi, 2000). The preceding occurs regardless of whether the individual for whom they provide care and or support to has refused community care services (opsi, 2000). Additionally, social workers are advised to provide potential carers of their rights through the hand out of a special booklet that sets forth the benefits in receiving a carers assessment (Carers.UK, 2005). All of the foregoing represent policy and practice developments that are and have addressed a number of carer and patients concerns and issues under community care for disability, health, mental health and the elderly, yet there is still room for improvement. As shown and evidenced throughout this examination, governmental policies in terms of community care policies and practice for the areas of disability, health, mental health and the elderly has been one of evolution. Sometimes however, representing backward steps before moving forward. Evelyn Fox (1930, p. 71) represents an example of progressive thinking and understanding that was not put into practice initially, but was gradually recognized as the approach later in the process. Her statement that placed the family at the center of community care was initially usurped by the efficiency of the National Health Service and Community Care Act of 1990 was devised to curb costs, but shortchanged patients and carers (Leathard, 2003, p. 16). As the system evolved, through its triumvirate of autonomy, empowerment and choice (Levick, 1992, pp. 76-81), it was impacted by the Human Rights Act 1998 and more recently by the combined initiatives of the King’s Fund (2003). These initiatives helped to reshape the inadequacies as presented by the efficient governmental system and adding more humanity, understanding and caring. Through addressing the observations of Smart, 2002, p. 102) along with Biggs and Powell (2000, pp. 41-49) who commented that the Act’s major weaknesses represented its failure to account for a critical analysis of the roles and daily care practices of carers and the importance of maintaining home care for as long as possible. Additionally, the King’s Fund (2003) initiatives brought forth the importance of the carer, patient voice in their affairs as a part of the overall community based care programmes. Thus, after 80 years, the system as swung back to Evelyn Fox (1930. p. 71). Family, after all, is the basis for the community, and as such is the foundation of community care. Bibliography Bacigalupo, V., Bornat, J., Bytheway, B., Johnson, J., Spurr, S. (2002) Understanding Care, Welfare and Community: A Reader. Routledge, London, United Kingdom BBC News (1998) The origins of care in the community. 29 July 1998. Retrieved on 11 May 2007 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/background_briefings/politics_of_health/141204.stm Biggs, S., Powell, J. (2000) Surveillance and Elder Abuse: The Rationalities and Technologies of Community Care. Vol. 4, No. 1. Journal of Contemporary Health Booker, C., Repper, J. (1998) Serious Mental Health Problems in the Community: Policy, Practice and Research. Balliere Tindall, London, United Kingdom careline.org.uk (2007) What is Community Care? Retrieved on 11 May 2007 from http://www.careline.org.uk/section.asp?docid=166 Carers UK (2005) Whose rights are they anyway? Carers and the Human Rights Act. Retrieved on 14 May 2007 from http://www.carersuk.org/Policyandpractice/PolicyResources/Research/ResearchHumanRightsReport.pdf Clements, L. (2000) Community Care and the Law. Legal Action, London, United Kingdom Department of Health (2007) The New NHS. Retrieved on 14 May 2007 from http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/newnhs/newnhs.htm Foster, A., Robert, V. (1998) Managing Mental Health Care in the Community: Chaos and Containment. Routledge, London, United Kingdom Fox, V. (1930) Community Schemes for the Social Control of Mental Defectives. Vol. 31. Mental Welfare Hanford, L., Easterbrook, L., Stevenson, J. (1999) King’s Fund Rehabilitation Programme. King’s Fund, London, United Kingdom Hardy, B., Young, R., Winslow, G. (1999) Dimensions of Choice in the assessment and care management process: the views of older people, carers and care mangers. Vol. 7, No. 6. Health and Social Care in the Community. Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2004) Community care development: a new concept. Retrieved on 11 May 2007 from http://www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialcare/534.asp Journal of American Geriatric Society (1994) Relocation of the aged and disabled. Vol. 11. of American Geriatric Society King’s Fund (2003) Kings Fund statement on the health and social care (community health and standards) bill. Retrieved on 13 May 2007 from http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/news/press_releases/kings_fund_34.html Leathard, A. (2003) Interprofessional Collaboration: From Policy to Practice in Health and Social Care. Brunner-Routledge, London, United Kingdom Levick, P. (1992) The Janus face of community care legislation: An opportunity for radical. Vol. 34. Critical Social Policy NHS Executive (1996) Priorities and Planning Guidance for the NHS. NHS Executive opsi.gov.uk (2000) Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000. Retrieved on 14 May 2007 from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000016.htm opsi.gov.uk (1995) Carers Recognition and Services Act 1995. Retrieved on 14 May 2007 from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1995/Ukpga_19950012_en_1.htm Propper, C. (1995) Agency and Incentives in the NHS Internal Market. Vol. 40, No. 12. Social Science Medicine reference.com (2007) Care in the Community. Retrieved on 12 May 2007 from http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Care_in_the_Community Smart, B. (2002) Michel Foucault. Routledge, New York, N.Y., United States Times (1994) Elderly patients die within weeks of transfer. 7 July 1994. The Times, London, United Kingdom

Technology and Cheating Essay -- essays papers

Technology and Cheating "Technology really is a double-edged sword when it comes to cheating. The means for detecting cheating are catching up with the means for cheating." â€Å"There are many definitions of cheating, but the one that most accurately applies to the school environment is this one from Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, to violate rules dishonestly.†[1] With that definition, â€Å"A recent survey of more than 1,000 Choices readers shows that cheating among teenagers is a huge problem. Ninety-six percent of the respondents said that cheating was a problem in their school, and while 98 percent of the students said a person did not need to cheat to succeed, 64 percent of the respondents admitted cheating on a test.†[2] Another example of this is given â€Å"in a recent study by the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke University, 73 percent of seventh-graders and 66 percent of sixth-graders admitted that they had cheated. ‘Because kids as young as eight and nine now have Internet access, we see this problem moving further down in grade level,’ reports Steven Jongewaard, Ph.D., professor of education at Hamline University.†[3] Why do students cheat? According to the same survey as above, â€Å"students said they cheated because they needed to save time, they felt the problems, questions, or assignment were too hard, they were afraid of getting a poor grade or failing, and they weren't prepared. ‘Some kids think they're too cool to study, or that they know everything and don't have to study,’ says Alyxe. ‘Then, when it comes to the test, they're surprised and they try to cheat.’ Trying to please parents or attempting to help a friend is also reasons why kids cheat.†[4] To me this all seems like excuses. It seems... ...=EJ531712&db=eric [1] http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us . Retrieved May 2, 2004 [2] http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us. Retrieved May 2, 2004 [3] http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us. Retrieved May 2, 2004 [4] http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us. Retrieved May 2, 2004 [5] http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us. Retrieved May 2, 2004 [6]http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us [7] Argetsinger, Amy, Washingtonpost.com, Technology Exposes Cheating at U-Va. Wednesday, May 9, 2001; Page A01. Retrieved May 2, 2004 [8] Chase, Kimberly. â€Å"Teachers Fight Against Internet Plagiarism†. From the March 02, 2004 edition. http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0302/p12s01-legn.html. Retrieved May 2, 2004. [9] Argetsinger [10] Chase [11] Bushweller, Kevin. 1999. "Generation of Cheaters," The American School Board Journal, April. Online: www.asbj.com/199904/0499coverstory.html. Retrieved May 2, 2004.

Kwame Anthony Appiah’s “The role of religion” Essay

Kwame Anthony Appiah, author of â€Å"The case for contamination† focuses on three main interrelated issues throw out his essay. Globalization, cultural diversity, and ethical consideration. Religion plays two major roles within this issues, claims made by people in favor of globalization and those against it. Religion can be used positively to protect culture in the idea of globalization, in the same way it can be a double-edge sword when relating to the role it plays in the issues at hand. Religion is a great way for individuals to keep in touch with their traditions as the process of globalization gets larger. Sipho is a very religiouse Zulu man, from the province of South Africa of KwaZulu-Natal. He was raised with strong traditions from his culture, but still has encounter and been affected by globalization in ways such as the television. He was heavily influenced by the soap opera â€Å"Days of Our Lives.† Sipho explains how the show helped him fix his relationshi p with his father, but certain aspects of the show like women dating before 20 were still completely unacceptable as it went against his believes and those of his people (Appiah 40). The role of religion in the process of globalization can also harm the situation. Preservationists fear globalization, and are scared it will negatively impact they’re culture. Every single human life is different from one another. We range from sex, religion and different cultural backgrounds, but still were all connected to one another no matter how we look at it, as deep inside were all the same. Whether it be throw media or conversation, were constantly being exposed to new ideas that help us transition better to change. Conversation is an important factor in social growth. We must learn what every individuals definition of living a normal life is before we can open our minds and learn to tolerate each other’s different rituals and ideals. Appiah is not saying to agree with every other cultural practice u come across, but throw conversation we can see different views on the  subject and grow to accept the values of our fellow brothers and sisters. Liberal cosmopolitanism is based on the premise of universal human dignity. It follows the idea that every human being has responsibilities to every other. Appiah’s father was a patriot of Ghana, Appiah explains how he remembers his father’s teaching that he was a citizen of the world. That he should work for the good of the places where he set tent, weather it had been for just a moment or a lifetime. Appiah is highly critical about emphasizing how humans can learn from the open mind examinations of alternative achievements. He recognizes the important values of localism and moderate nationalism. In his paper he quotes his favorite philosopher John Stuart Mill: â€Å"there is no nation that doesn’t need to borrow from others, not only particular arts or practices, but essential points of character in which its own type is inferior† (Appiah 62). Appiah believes humans have a common nature ranging from individual variations. This idea relates to his criticism of moral relativism. It is expected for principles like toleration, individualism, and benevolence to be of universal acceptance as the basics of a civilize organization, yet it’s 2015 and we still see countries killing one another for religious believes or being underappreciated for their sex or race.A proverb from Ghana Appiah’s home town renders: â€Å"In a single political order there is no wisdom† (Kuro koro mu mni nyansa.) In this world, there are so many different cultures and ethicnicities that it is impossible for us to decide what the correct way of living actually is. Another great example Appiah gives us on how society has changed in the last twenty years, look at the ideals behind gay marriage. Not too long ago Homosexuality was always kept hidden from everyone as it was viewed wrong. Now it is legal in most states to the point where they can actually get married. It’s a fact that as people become more confident about themselves it becomes more acceptable the more time passes by. When a person opens they’re mind towards the views of another they will come to peace in mind, as there is no right or wrong answer to any believe or tradition. Religion is a gate for us to feel at peace mentally and spiritually. Is a beautiful thing rich in faith and values, but with so many different believes all over the world no matter what our believes are it is crucial for us to love and accept one another.  In the end, were humans and all the same inside and out. Work Cited 1. Appiah, Kwame Anthony. â€Å"The Case For Contamination.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 31 Dec. 2005. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. 2. â€Å"Anthony Appiah â€Å"The Case for Contamination†Ã¢â‚¬  Google Docs. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015. 3. â€Å"Will Dixon’s ECO 108 Site: Critical Analysis: The Case for Contamination.† Will Dixon’s ECO 108 Site: Critical Analysis: The Case for Contamination. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2015.

Time Lags in Fiscal Policy Essays

Time Lags in Fiscal Policy Essays Time Lags in Fiscal Policy Paper Time Lags in Fiscal Policy Paper Fiscal policy is the change in taxes and spending that affect the level of GDP (O’Sullivan, p. 212, 2008). When fiscal policies are put into place, the goal is to see the economy grow to healthy levels. Other reasons for fiscal policies could include stabilizing the economy. These policies are supposed to help the economy run at its full potential. Congress and the President are supposed to be constantly working to maintain a healthy economy. There are times however, that a poorly timed move could hurt and destabilize the economy. The problem with trying to implement policies that will move the economy to its highest potential output is that there can be delays. Trying to forecast the economy is like trying to forecast the weather. When policy makers make mistakes, they create proverbial rain at our picnic. When the economy starts to slow down, government officials try to get the economy to run at its full potential again. The problem with this is that sometimes, the economy can correct itself without policies being established. There are usually delays, or lags in the policies being implemented. Just like normal, regular people, there are times that policy makers are slow to realize that there is problem that needs correcting. When they finally realize that there is an issue at hand, it may take the policy makers time to react. Two types of lags can cause problems inside lags and outside lags. Inside lags involve the time it takes to formulate a policy while outside lags involve the time it takes for the policy to actually work (O’Sullivan, p. 214, 2008). The biggest problem with the inside lag is the time it takes policymakers to recognize shifts in economic indicators. Policymakers try to rely on their forecasting skills. Sometimes their forecasting is correct, while other times, they are wrong. This can cause big discrepancies in the economy. Another issue is the time it takes for policy makers to realize that there is a problem and then fix the problem at hand. With outside lags, policies such as tax cuts take time to actually work. Outside lags are normally short, but if they are timed incorrectly, the economy could actually become destabilized. The worst problem with lags is that economists are playing the role of the weatherman in forecasting what will happen to the economy. It is hard for them to know whether an economic slowdown is just temporary or if it will be a long recession. For example, if economists predict that the economy is going to be working over its potential, and the government implements a policy to get the economy to its full potential, but not over it, and then the economy becomes weak before the policy takes place, the entire economy could become destabilized. Policy makers must understand this possibility and do their best to minimize errors. Reference OSullivan, Shefferin, Perez. (2008). Economics: Principles, Applications, and Tools. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Native American essays

Native American essays Native American stories reflected their lives and beliefs vividly. Through stories Native Americans could explain natural phenomenon such as earthquakes and thunderstorms. They would often blame these events on gods that were responsible. Creation stories are also common among Native American storytellers such as Stone Boy. For better explanation they would often add human traits to animals or Natural things that otherwise would not be able to talk to move. By personifying things they could add dialogue to animals talking with trees, or the sun talking to farmers. This gave them more room to expand their stories and explanations of events. The stories told by different tribes were often directly associated with their every day life. For example the Iroquois tribe, since they were a tribe based around agriculture their stories often explain bad growing seasons or harsh winters. Some stories that refer to hard growing seasons are Hiding Sun and Seedling Shower. In Hiding Sun it explains how the sun is afraid to come out because it fears that it will be hurt from warring tribes. This explained to the people that when there was conflict with other tribes it often led to a hard growing season. It personified the sun which otherwise would not have been able to talk or explain the reasons it had to hide. Even though this was most likely coincidence the people believed that if there was conflict it would be bad for agriculture, it is said that this is one of the reasons that the Iroquois were such a peaceful tribe. In the story Seedling Shower it explains how the Iroquois believed that the rain was sometimes seeds. This expl ained the woven weeds in their crops. The Native Americans embraced their stories as much as everyday possessions. They would pass the stories on to the next generation and try too keep the stories alive. Over time these stories evolved into more...

Asian Americans Small Business Participation Essay

Asian Americans Small Business Participation - Essay Example As Marger (261) states, among all US ethnic groups, Korean population is the most actively engaged group in small scale business. One of the significant factors that accounts for the involvement of Asian immigrants in small business is the enthusiastic and active participation of some or almost all members of the family in business. The family loving nature and cultural traditions of Asian immigrants encourage them to engage in their own small sector businesses with the participation of family members and relatives. Business is one of the places where they share their cultural traditions and hard work. This practice of family-operated business helps them minimize the labor costs and capital. Furthermore, it enables them to set up profitable small business such as restaurants, retail, beauty services etc at low investments. At the same time, as Marger (261-62) points out, the social nature and friendly relationships of Asian immigrants and their common ethnicity enable them to establi sh informal savings, required capital, and also loyal customers within their own ethnic group. Asian immigrants often confront with racial discrimination and are deprived of better opportunities in the corporate sector. These inequities as nonwhites and unfairness in opportunity compell Asian immigrants to set up small sector business where they tend prove their ability.

Burger King Beefs Up Global Operations Case Study

Burger King Beefs Up Global Operations - Case Study Example The company today enjoys a larger foreign market than its main MacDonald. Burger King’s core competency lies in the unique method it uses to cook hamburger. Burger King cooks using flame- broiled method, different from grills that fry. This relates to the company’s service delivery options to its customers. It also offers a variety of options to its customers on how they prefer the burgers served to them. Most of Burger Kings restaurants are in the United States. Since the company started in 1954, its menu has extended to include breakfast, chicken, fish, and salad as part of the menu. Whopper sandwich is until today considered the firm’s signature product. Burger King started in 1954 as InstaBurger King. It went public in 2006 and has since then operated autonomously. The company grew to five restaurants by 1959. It was still in Miami, Florida and operated as a private firm. The name changed to Burger King in 1959 when it started domestic franchising. Pillsbury bought it 1967, after which franchising improved considerably. Pillsbury, in 1989, sold the company to the British company Grand Metropolitan. The merging of Grand Metropolitan and Guinness later formed Diageo, in 1997. The company has well-structured advertisement campaign. It uses big campaign companies outsmarting its competitors. The United States is nearly a full-grown market for fast food despite the growth opportunities available. This is particularly for hamburgers. Burger Kings plans to increase its market to international scale (Parasuraman, Grewal, & Krishnan, 2006). The company targets countries with a large population, mainly of young people, high beef demand and consumption. Other factors include capital availability for franchising and a favorable business environment. McDonalds is the main competitor of Burger Kings. International expansion of Burger Kings is, however, higher than McDonald’s. This presents both